He was heavily dissatisfied with the traditional education and representatives of mainstream ulama of his time. ʿAbduh suffered from acute spiritual crises in his youth, similar to those experienced by the medieval Muslim scholar and Sufi mystic al-Ghazali. Abduh would inherit many of his subsequent public views, such as firm opposition to taqlid from his Sufi uncle. Like many of his fellow students in Tanta, the experience would transform ʿAbduh towards Sufi asceticism with mystical orientations. Under the tutelage of his uncle, ʿAbduh began to practice the litany of the Madaniyya. Apart from spiritual exercises, the order also emphasised proper practice of Islam, shunning taqlid and stressing adherence to foundational teachings. During this period, ʿAbduh studied under the tutelage of his Sufi Muslim uncle Dārwīsh, who was a member of the revivalist and reformist Madaniyya Tarîqâh, a popular branch of the Shadhiliyya order, spread across Egypt, Libya, Algeria, and Tunisia. After a brief period following his marriage, ʿAbduh returned to his school in Tanta. A while later, ʿAbduh ran away from school and got married.
When he turned thirteen, he was sent to the Aḥmadī mosque, which was one of the largest educational institutions in Egypt. He was educated in Tanta at a private school. His family was part of the Ottoman Egyptian elite: his father was part of the Umad, or the local ruling elite, while his mother was part of the Ashraf. Muḥammad ʿAbduh was born in 1849 to a father with Turkish ancestry and an Egyptian mother in the Nile Delta. He was made a judge in the Courts of First Instance of the Native Tribunals in 1888, a consultative member of the Court of Appeal in 1899, and he was appointed muftī l-diyār al-miṣriyya in 1899. He briefly published the pan-Islamist anti-colonial newspaper al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā alongside his mentor Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī. He also authored Risālat at-Tawḥīd ( Arabic: رسالة التوحيد "The Theology of Unity") and a commentary on the Quran. He was made editor of Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya in 1880. ʿAbduh was a champion of the press and wrote prolifically in Al-Manār and Al-Ahram. He was also made a professor of history at Dar al-ʿUlūm the following year, and of Arabic language and literature at Madrasat al-Alsun. From 1877, with the status of ʿālim, he taught logic, theology, ethics, and politics. He began teaching advanced students esoteric Islamic texts at Al-Azhar University while he was still studying there. He was a central figure of the Arab Nahḍa and Islamic Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849 – 11 July 1905) (also spelled Mohammed Abduh, Arabic: محمد عبده) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar, Freemason, journalist, teacher, author, editor, judge, and Grand Mufti of Egypt. Rashid Rida, Abul Kalam Azad, Hassan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Muhammad Asad, Mahmoud Taleghani, Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur, Mahmud Shaltut, Mustafa al-Maraghi, Mohammed al-Ghazali, Yusuf al-Qaradawi.
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